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At first glance, Le Progrès would not appear to be a promising source
for information on local French dialect. Obviously, with their classical
training, the Pacaud brothers had an excellent command of the French language
and were careful to maintain high literary standards for their publication. In
fact, the paper saw itself in the role of local language monitor and sought to
elevate the French spoken by the local population. As a result, most of what we
can read in Le Progrès is in a very literate style that was far removed
from the everyday language of ordinary people. Nevertheless, Detroit River
French, then as now, was a vital and interesting variety of speech, having
survived, cut off from the rest of the French-speaking world, for nearly two
centuries before the arrival of Le Progrès. Because of its long
isolation, the language had evolved in a unique fashion, preserving many
elements of the 18th century French spoken by the first settlers and adapting
itself to the continuous contact with English, the language of commerce and
politics.
It is these two features of the paper that allow us to glimpse some of the
colour of the local language : commerce and politics. In the first place,
advertisements for local businesses often used words that were not part of
general French speech. Some of these ads were obviously written or translated by
local people, no doubt employees of the businesses in question. For example,
Peck’s clothing store regularly used terms that local French speakers still
recognize to this day, such as piastres (dollars) and hardes
(clothing), as well as the word aucun (any) used in the positive sense
(in modern French, aucun only has a negative meaning, but in 17th century
French, it was used just as any in English, in both a positive and a negative
way)
. Clothing items such as capots (coats), corps
(shirts or blouses), and claques (rubbers) were mentionned in ads for
other stores
,
,
. Lists of market prices are another
good source for regional words. For example, a market report published in Le
Courrier gives prices for raves (radishes), rabioles (turnips)
and salade (lettuce)
; produce was sold by the minot
(bushel) or the quart (keg)
. Another ad features the
opening of a new grosserie (grocery store), which is perhaps an anglicism,
although the word had existed in 17th and 18th French in the sense of a
wholesale merchant
. English influence was unmistakable, however,
when merchants tried to translate certain advertising slogans.
One interesting sidelight is the origin of one of the area’s most famous anglicisms : Boblo
Island
. Le Progrès also takes to task
certain Francophones who have anglicised their names
.
Le Progrès sometimes commented directly on the quality of local French,
usually in mocking or sarcastic tones. For example, in what was perhaps meant to
be a regular feature, Le Progrès presented a sort of anti-dictionary
recommending local usage of certain words rather than the accepted usage
(the feature was never repeated). The local columnist Adrienne occasionally made
fun of her neighbours in Rivière-aux-Canards
. Although it
probably was far from her intent, her columns give us valuable clues on the
local pronunciation and syntax. But by far the best source of local speech
patterns are editorials which the Pacaud brothers wrote to make fun of their
political opponents. These satirical pieces are usually in dialogue form, and
the hapless Conservatives invariably come across as country bumpkins speaking in
the local dialect as they try to extricate themselves from the ridiculous
situations they find themselves in. These set pieces - exaggerated as they may
be - are quite faithful to local speech patterns. Political considerations
aside, they are quite useful in tracing back to the late 19th century certain
linguistic elements still heard today in the Detroit River French communities
,
,
,
.
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